"Fala galera! Este é um trabalho sobre o Período Barroco,
aqui ele está transcrito, mas o original está em PowerPoint. Portando se vocês
quiserem copia-lo para uma apresentação sugiro que coloque cada tópico no
programa de apresentação do seu computador e uma boa estudada no assunto antes
de apresenta-lo."
Período
Barroco
O que significa a palavra Barroco?
A origem da palavra “barroco” tem
causado muitas discussões referente ao seu significado. Alguns autores dizem
que ela deriva da palavra “verruca” do latim, que significa elevação de terreno
em superfície lisa. Outros afirmam que a palavra teria sido originada do
vocábulo espanhol “barrueco”, vindo do português arcaico, ou seja, um português
ultrapassado. Do século XVI até os dias de hoje ela é usada pelos joalheiros
para designar um tipo de pérola irregular e de formação defeituosa.
O poeta
italiano Giosuè Carducci foi quem, em 1860, adjetivou o estilo da época,
referindo-se às manifestações artísticas ocorridas a partir do ano de 1600,
como sendo Barroco.
Barroco
O Barroco ou Seiscentismo começa a partir do
ano de 1600 daí o nome Seiscentismo, teve início em Portugal com a unificação
da Península Ibérica.
Portugal estava em decadência
nos últimos vinte e cinco anos do século XVI, o comércio tornava Lisboa a
capital da pimenta, mas não trazia resultados satisfatórios à economia, pois a
agricultura estava abandonada e as colônias portuguesas, inclusive o Brasil,
não davam riquezas imediatas.
Pouco tempo depois, com o
desaparecimento de D. Sebastião (décimo-sexto rei de Portugal) no país da
África, Filipe II da Espanha (Rei) consolidou a unificação da Península
Ibérica, o que possibilitou e favoreceu o avanço da Companhia de Jesus
(Católicos) em nome da Contrarreforma, o que ocasionou a permanência de uma cultura
praticamente medieval na península, enquanto o restante da Europa vivia as
descobertas científicas de Galileu, Kepler e Newton, por exemplo.
Península Ibérica
O que foi a contrarreforma?
O Renascimento definiu-se pela
valorização do profano, deixando o gosto pelas satisfações mundanas na moda.
Com isso os redutos católicos (a Contrarreforma) que seguiam uma mentalidade
mais estreita, marcada pela Inquisição (na verdade uma espécie de censura) e
pelo teocentrismo medieval não estavam de acordo com essa filosofia.
A
influência da Contrarreforma fez com que houvesse oposição entre:
- Os
ideais de vida eterna X vida terrena;
-
Espírito X carne.
Portanto,
a contrarreforma é um grupo religioso que não concordava com que o homem
gozasse os prazeres da vida. O homem teria que abster-se dos prazeres da vida
para alcançar a salvação.
Na visão barroca, não há possibilidade de conciliar essas
antíteses: ou se vive a vida sensualmente, ou se foge dos gozos humanos e se
alcança a eternidade.
A
tensão de elementos contrários causa no artista uma profunda angústia: após
arrojar-se nos prazeres mais radicais ele se sente culpado e busca o perdão
divino. Assim, ora ele se ajoelha diante de Deus, ora ele curte as delícias da
vida.
O
contexto assimétrico e rebuscado do barroco é reflexo do conflito do homem
entre as coisas terrenas e as coisas celestiais, o homem e Deus,
antropocentrismo (homem no centro) e o teocentrismo (Deus no centro), pecado e
o perdão, enfim, constantes dicotomias (oposição entre duas coisas).
É
durante este quadro cultural europeu que o estilo Barroco surgiu, em meio à crise
dos valores renascentistas, ocasionada pelas lutas religiosas e dificuldades
econômicas.
Barroco Europeu
As obras dos artistas barrocos europeus valorizam as cores,
as sombras e a luz, e representam os contrates. As imagens não são tão
centralizadas quanto as renascentistas e aparecem de forma dinâmica, valorizando
o movimento. Os temas principais são: mitologia, passagens da Bíblia
e a história da humanidade.
As
cenas retratadas costumam ser sobre a vida da nobreza, o cotidiano da
burguesia, naturezas-mortas entre outros. Muitos artistas barrocos dedicaram-se
a decorar igrejas com esculturas e pinturas, utilizando a técnica da
perspectiva.
As
esculturas barrocas mostram faces humanas marcadas pelas emoções,
principalmente o sofrimento. Os traços se contorcem, demonstrando um movimento
exagerado. Predominam nas esculturas as curvas, os relevos e a utilização da
cor dourada.
Podemos
citar como principais artistas do barroco: o espanhol Velázquez, o italiano
Caravaggio, os belgas Van Dyck e Frans Hals, os holandeses Rembrandt Vermeer e
o flamengo Rubens.
Carpe Diem
O tema central do Barroco se encontra na antítese entre a
vida e a morte. Daí decorre o sentimento da brevidade da vida, da angústia da
passagem do tempo, que tudo destrói. Diante disso, o homem barroco oscila entre
a renuncia e o gozo dos prazeres da vida.
Quando
pensa no julgamento de Deus, foge dos prazeres e procura apoio na fé. Quando a
fé é insuficiente, a atração dos prazeres o envolve e cresce o desejo de
desfrutar da vida. Por isso, o Carpe Diem, expressão latina que significa “aproveita
o dia (presente)”, é um dos temas frequentes da arte barroca. A mocidade ou
a juventude é frequentemente comparada à flor que é bonita por pouco tempo e
logo morre. Daí o apelo dos poetas barrocos.
O Carpe
Diem é um tema que vinha já da Antiguidade, mas no Barroco foi desenvolvido de
forma angustiada, pois era uma tentativa de fundir os opostos, de conciliar o
que, no fundo, é inconciliável: a razão e a fé, a matéria e o espírito, a vida
carnal e a vida espiritual.
Imagens de Artes Barrocas
Comparação Renascentismo e Barroco
Santa ceia – Leonardo da Vinci (Renascimento)
Santa ceia - Tintoretto (Barroco)
Música barroca
A música barroca é o estilo musical correlacionado com a
época cultural homônima na Europa, que vai desde o surgimento da ópera
no século XVII até a morte de Johann Sebastian Bach, em 1750.
Trata-se
de uma das épocas musicais de maior extensão, fecunda, revolucionária e
importante da música ocidental, e provavelmente também a mais influente.
As
características mais importantes são o uso do baixo contínuo, do contraponto e
da harmonia tonal, em oposição aos modos gregorianos até então vigente.
Na realidade, trata-se do aproveitamento de apenas dois modos: o modo jônio
(modo “maior”) e o modo eólio (modo “menor”).
Modos Gregos: Jônio, Dórico, Frígio, Lídio,
Mixolídio, Eólio e Lócrio.
C D E
F G A B
Iº IIº IIIº IVº Vº VIº VIIº
Barroco no Brasil
No
Brasil, o barroco ganhou impulso entre 1720 e 1750, momento em que várias
academias literárias foram fundadas por todo o país. A obra Prosopopeia, de
Bento Teixeira, marca o início do barroco no Brasil.
O
centro de riqueza da época era Minas Gerais, e foi lá que a produção artística,
ligada à igreja, concentrou-se. O arquiteto, entalhador e escultor Antônio Francisco
Lisboa, o Aleijadinho, foi o grande representante dessa tendência nas artes
plásticas, o estilo rococó predominava em suas esculturas de materiais típicos
nacionais, como a madeira e pedra-sabão.
Algumas obras de Aleijadinho
Os limites cronológicos do Barroco no Brasil
INÍCIO: 1601 – com PROSOPOPÉIA, poema épico de
autoria do português, radicado no Brasil, Bento Teixeira Pinto. É a primeira
obra, propriamente literária, escrita entre nós.
TÉRMINO: 1768 – com a publicação das OBRAS
POÉTICAS de CLAÚDIO MANUEL DA COSTA, obra inicial do Arcadismo no Brasil.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
English
"Hey guys, this is a work about the Baroque Period, here it is transcribed, but the original is in PowerPoint. Porting if you want to copy it to a presentation I suggest that you place each topic in the presentation of his computer program and a good studied the subject before it presents. "
Baroque Period
What does the word Baroque?
The origin of "baroque" word has caused
many discussions concerning its meaning. Some authors say that it derives from
"verruca" word from Latin, meaning high ground on smooth surface.
Others claim that the word would have been originated from the Spanish word
"Barrueco", coming from the archaic Portuguese, ie a Portuguese
exceeded. From the sixteenth century until the present day it is used by
jewelers to describe a type of irregular pearl and defective formation.
The Italian poet Giosuè Carducci who was,
in 1860, characterized the style of the time, referring to artistic events beginning in the year 1600, as Baroque.
Baroque
The Baroque or Seiscentismo starts from the year 1600 hence the name Seiscentismo began in Portugal with the unification of the Iberian Peninsula.
Portugal was in decline in the last twenty-five years of the sixteenth century, trade Lisbon became the capital of pepper, but gave satisfactory results for the economy because agriculture was abandoned and the Portuguese colonies, including Brazil, gave no immediate riches.
Shortly thereafter, with the disappearance of King Sebastian (sixteenth king of Portugal) in the country of Africa, Philip II of Spain (King) consolidated the unification of the Iberian Peninsula, which allowed and encouraged the advancement of the Society of Jesus (Catholics) on behalf of the Counter, which caused the permanence of an almost medieval culture in the peninsula, while the rest of Europe lived the scientific discoveries of Galileo, Kepler and Newton, for example.
The Baroque or Seiscentismo starts from the year 1600 hence the name Seiscentismo began in Portugal with the unification of the Iberian Peninsula.
Portugal was in decline in the last twenty-five years of the sixteenth century, trade Lisbon became the capital of pepper, but gave satisfactory results for the economy because agriculture was abandoned and the Portuguese colonies, including Brazil, gave no immediate riches.
Shortly thereafter, with the disappearance of King Sebastian (sixteenth king of Portugal) in the country of Africa, Philip II of Spain (King) consolidated the unification of the Iberian Peninsula, which allowed and encouraged the advancement of the Society of Jesus (Catholics) on behalf of the Counter, which caused the permanence of an almost medieval culture in the peninsula, while the rest of Europe lived the scientific discoveries of Galileo, Kepler and Newton, for example.
Iberian
peninsula
What was the against reform?
The Renaissance was defined by the appreciation of the profane , leaving a taste for worldly satisfactions trendy . Thus the Catholic strongholds ( the Counter ) who followed a more narrow minded , marked by the Inquisition ( actually a kind of censorship ) and the medieval theocentrism did not agree with that philosophy .
The influence of the Counter-Reformation had made opposition between :
- The ideals of eternal life X earthly life ;
- X Spirit meat .
Therefore, against reform is a religious group that does not agree with the man he enjoyed the pleasures of life . The man would have to abstain from the pleasures of life to attain salvation .
The Renaissance was defined by the appreciation of the profane , leaving a taste for worldly satisfactions trendy . Thus the Catholic strongholds ( the Counter ) who followed a more narrow minded , marked by the Inquisition ( actually a kind of censorship ) and the medieval theocentrism did not agree with that philosophy .
The influence of the Counter-Reformation had made opposition between :
- The ideals of eternal life X earthly life ;
- X Spirit meat .
Therefore, against reform is a religious group that does not agree with the man he enjoyed the pleasures of life . The man would have to abstain from the pleasures of life to attain salvation .
In baroque
vision, there is no possibility of reconciling this antithesis : either life is
lived sensuously , or escapes of human pleasures and reach eternity.
The tension of contrary elements because the photographer profound anxiety : after you throw us more radical pleasures he feels guilty and seeks divine forgiveness . So , now he kneels before God , now he enjoys the delights of life .
The asymmetric and context -fetched Baroque reflects the conflict between man 's earthly things and heavenly things , man and God , anthropocentrism (man in the middle) and theocentrism (God at the center ) , sin and forgiveness , in short , constant dichotomies (opposition between two things ) .
It is during this European cultural framework that the Baroque style arose amid the crisis of Renaissance values occasioned by religious strife and economic hardship.
The tension of contrary elements because the photographer profound anxiety : after you throw us more radical pleasures he feels guilty and seeks divine forgiveness . So , now he kneels before God , now he enjoys the delights of life .
The asymmetric and context -fetched Baroque reflects the conflict between man 's earthly things and heavenly things , man and God , anthropocentrism (man in the middle) and theocentrism (God at the center ) , sin and forgiveness , in short , constant dichotomies (opposition between two things ) .
It is during this European cultural framework that the Baroque style arose amid the crisis of Renaissance values occasioned by religious strife and economic hardship.
European baroque
The works of European Baroque artists appreciate the colors , shadows and light , and represent the contrasts . The images are not as centralized as the Renaissance and appear dynamically , enhancing the movement . The main themes are: mythology, Bible passages and the history of mankind .
The scenes depicted are usually about life of the nobility , the bourgeoisie everyday , still lifes among others . Many Baroque artists dedicated to decorating churches with paintings and sculptures , using the technique of perspective.
The baroque sculptures showing human faces marked by emotions , especially grief . Traces writhe , demonstrating an exaggerated motion. Predominate in the curves sculptures , reliefs and the use of golden color.
We can cite as major artists of the Baroque : Velazquez Spanish , Italian Caravaggio , Van Dyck and the Belgian Frans Hals , Rembrandt Vermeer Dutch and Flemish Rubens.
The works of European Baroque artists appreciate the colors , shadows and light , and represent the contrasts . The images are not as centralized as the Renaissance and appear dynamically , enhancing the movement . The main themes are: mythology, Bible passages and the history of mankind .
The scenes depicted are usually about life of the nobility , the bourgeoisie everyday , still lifes among others . Many Baroque artists dedicated to decorating churches with paintings and sculptures , using the technique of perspective.
The baroque sculptures showing human faces marked by emotions , especially grief . Traces writhe , demonstrating an exaggerated motion. Predominate in the curves sculptures , reliefs and the use of golden color.
We can cite as major artists of the Baroque : Velazquez Spanish , Italian Caravaggio , Van Dyck and the Belgian Frans Hals , Rembrandt Vermeer Dutch and Flemish Rubens.
Carpe Diem
The central theme of the Baroque is the antithesis between life and death. Hence the feeling of the shortness of life , the anguish of the passage of time destroys everything . Thus, the baroque man oscillates between resigns and enjoyment of life's pleasures .
When does the judgment of God, flee the pleasures and seeks support in faith . When faith is insufficient , the attraction of pleasures surrounds and grows the desire to enjoy life . Therefore , Carpe Diem , Latin expression that means " enjoy the day ( this ) " , is one of the recurring themes of Baroque art . The youth or youth is often compared to flower is beautiful for a little while and then dies . Hence the appeal of Baroque poets .
The Carpe Diem is a topic that has come from antiquity , but in the Baroque was developed anguished way, it was an attempt to fuse the opposites, to reconcile what , at bottom, is irreconcilable : reason and faith , matter and spirit , carnal and spiritual life
The central theme of the Baroque is the antithesis between life and death. Hence the feeling of the shortness of life , the anguish of the passage of time destroys everything . Thus, the baroque man oscillates between resigns and enjoyment of life's pleasures .
When does the judgment of God, flee the pleasures and seeks support in faith . When faith is insufficient , the attraction of pleasures surrounds and grows the desire to enjoy life . Therefore , Carpe Diem , Latin expression that means " enjoy the day ( this ) " , is one of the recurring themes of Baroque art . The youth or youth is often compared to flower is beautiful for a little while and then dies . Hence the appeal of Baroque poets .
The Carpe Diem is a topic that has come from antiquity , but in the Baroque was developed anguished way, it was an attempt to fuse the opposites, to reconcile what , at bottom, is irreconcilable : reason and faith , matter and spirit , carnal and spiritual life
Images Baroque Art
Comparação
Renascentismo e Barroco
Last Supper - Leonardo da Vinci (Renaissance)
Last Supper - Tintoretto (Baroque)
Baroque music
Baroque music is correlated with the homonymous cultural season in Europe , ranging from the emergence of opera in the seventeenth century until the death of Johann Sebastian Bach in 1750 musical style .
This is one of the musical epochs of greater extent , fruitful , revolutionary and important western music , and probably the most influential .
The most important features are the use of the basso continuo , counterpoint and tonal harmony , as opposed to the Gregorian modes prevailed until then . In fact , it is the use of only two modes: Ionian mode (mode " greater " ) and aeolian mode ( " low" mode) .
Greek modes: Jônio, Dórico, Frígio, Lídio, Mixolídio, Eólio e Lócrio.
Baroque music is correlated with the homonymous cultural season in Europe , ranging from the emergence of opera in the seventeenth century until the death of Johann Sebastian Bach in 1750 musical style .
This is one of the musical epochs of greater extent , fruitful , revolutionary and important western music , and probably the most influential .
The most important features are the use of the basso continuo , counterpoint and tonal harmony , as opposed to the Gregorian modes prevailed until then . In fact , it is the use of only two modes: Ionian mode (mode " greater " ) and aeolian mode ( " low" mode) .
Greek modes: Jônio, Dórico, Frígio, Lídio, Mixolídio, Eólio e Lócrio.
C D E F G A B
Iº IIº IIIº IVº Vº
VIº VIIº
Baroque in Brazil
The Brazilian movement, influenced by the Portuguese Baroque, presented its own features, therefore different from the situation in Portugal, Brazil lived reality of violence, in which they pursued the Indians and enslaved blacks.
In Brazil, the Baroque gained momentum between 1720 and 1750, at which time several literary academies were founded throughout the country. The Prosopopéia work, Bento Teixeira, marks the beginning of the Baroque in Brazil.
The center of wealth at the time was Minas Gerais, and it was there that artistic production, connected to the church, concentrated. The architect, engraver and sculptor Antônio Francisco Lisboa, Aleijadinho, was the great representative of this trend in the visual arts, the rococo style predominated in his sculptures of typical domestic materials, such as wood and soapstone.
Some works of Aleijadinho
The chronological limits of the Baroque in Brazil
START: 1601 - with Prosopopéia, epic poem written by the Portuguese living in Brazil, Bento Teixeira Pinto. It is the first work properly literary, writing between us.
FINISH: 1768 - with the publication of the Poetical Works of Claudio Manuel da Costa, Arcadian early work in Brazil.
START: 1601 - with Prosopopéia, epic poem written by the Portuguese living in Brazil, Bento Teixeira Pinto. It is the first work properly literary, writing between us.
FINISH: 1768 - with the publication of the Poetical Works of Claudio Manuel da Costa, Arcadian early work in Brazil.
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